The two-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated a main effect for the factors condition (i.e., C4 CZ electrode pair) and moment (i.e., C3 CZ, C3 C4 and C4 CZ pairs of electrodes).
Results demonstrated a main effect of musician status, F 3, 48) = 3.62, p = 0.034, η2 = 0.13, with musicians outperforming non-musicians.
Results demonstrated a main effect of musician status, F 5, 143) = 4.36, p = 0.015, η2 = 0.057, with musicians outperforming non-musicians, and a main effect of language status, F 5, 143) = 5.22, p = 0.024, η2 = 0.035, with monolinguals outperforming bilinguals.
However, tests of between-subjects effects demonstrated a main effect of music, F 3, 60) = 15.88, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.209, with faster performance among musicians (mean = 480, SEM = 11.7) than non-musicians (mean = 545, SEM = 11.1).
The results of a 2 × 2 (musician status [musician, non-musician] × language status [bilingual, monolingual]) between-subjects ANOVA demonstrated a main effect of musician status, F 3, 31) = 5.97, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.161, with musicians (M mus = 61.9, SEM = 3.7) outperforming non-musicians (M n-mus = 49.5, SEM = 3.4) on the operation span.
Results of a 2 × 2 × 2 (musician status [musician, non-musician] × language status [bilingual, monolingual] × congruency [incongruent, congruent]) repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated a main effect of congruency, F 3, 60) = 147.13, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.710, with faster performance on congruent (mean = 485, SEM = 8.5) than incongruent (mean = 540, SEM = 8.3) trials.
The RSdysg lesion group was significantly poorer than their control group at discriminating between the two locations, as demonstrated by a main effect of group (F 1, 16) = 6.28, p < 0.05) when comparing the latency difference scores.
However, tests of between-subjects effects demonstrated a marginal main effect of music, F 2, 90) = 2.62, p = 0.079, η2 = 0.055, with faster performance among high-practicing musicians (mean = 498.5, SEM = 14.3) than low-practicing musicians (mean = 508.1, SEM = 13.5) or non-musicians (mean = 535.0, SEM = 10.1).
The results for perceptual training show a main effect of training F 1, 19) = 17.31, p<0.01 demonstrating that all subjects improve with training.
Results of the digit span backward demonstrated a marginal main effect of musician status, F 5, 146) = 2.64, p = 0.075, η2 = 0.035, with musicians outperforming non-musicians.
