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We demonstrate the bias in the estimate of prevalence and the underestimate of the confidence range that would arise if we did not account for test sensitivity and specificity.
Rather, our objective is more straightforward; namely to demonstrate the bias that arises when using self-reported BMI instead of true BMI in labour market analysis and to evaluate a number of alternative approaches that have been suggested for tackling the problem of measurement error in practice.
To demonstrate the bias we simulated a retrospective birth cohort with no seasonal pattern in gestation and used a range of cohort end dates.
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The results show how stereotypes of different groups play out in the scientific workplace and demonstrate the biases women in science confront regardless of their race.
The Bland Altman plots demonstrating the bias (95 % LoA) of quantitative Doppler measurements between residents in group II and the expert are shown in Fig. 1.
As Hutter, (2011, pp. 136 137) demonstrates, the bias, however, is small and neither impacts on his own analysis nor that of Kriesi et al., (1995).
Philosophy presupposes interpretive tools for understanding our everyday lives; feminist work in articulating additional dimensions of experience and aspects of our practices is invaluable in demonstrating the bias in existing tools, and in the search for better ones.
Simulation studies have demonstrated the bias that can occur when a MCAR assumption is made for data which are MAR [ 17, 26].
The AT-skew plot demonstrates the bias towards a T-rich coding strand that is more pronounced in non-edited genes (Fig. 2), as was also the case for T. brucei and L. tarentolae maxicircle genes [ 46].
Possibly, the importance of this item was not appreciated by abstract authors because the paper by Schulz, demonstrating the bias introduced by open allocation was only published in 1995, i.e. after conclusion of our abstract submission period studied [ 33].
Consistent relationships were observed between GA and A1C across populations; the GA A1C ratio in diabetic patients on hemodialysis, relative to nonnephropathy control subjects was virtually identical in Japanese (3.81/2.93 = 1.30) and Americans (2.72/2.07 = 1.31), demonstrating the bias introduced by A1C.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com