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The diagnosis is usually by computed tomography (CT/CAT scan) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) employing radiocontrast to demonstrate obstruction of the venous sinuses by thrombus.
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Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) demonstrated obstruction of the right posterior cerebral artery (Fig. 1b).
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography demonstrated obstruction of the right hepatic bile duct, compression of the left hepatic duct, and dilatation of the peripheral bile ducts (Figure 3).
We demonstrate that obstruction of low-resolution features is significantly reduced by lowering the acceleration voltage of the microscope.
Sialography is the reference standard imaging modality, as it can demonstrate ductal obstruction from multiple aetiologies, including recurrent infection, autoimmune processes and trauma (Fig. 11).
b, c In another patient, pre- and post-contrast injection sialogram images demonstrate duct obstruction at the site of a large stone (no contrast is present proximal to the stone, see arrow).
And 86% continued bronchodilator therapy despite spirometry results that did not demonstrate airway obstruction.
Ultrasound is useful to demonstrate the obstruction level at the lower end of the bile duct and proximal dilatation.
However, that does not undermine the importance of our findings, since patients continued to receive bronchodilators even after function tests failed to demonstrate airflow obstruction.
Prematurity is associated with poorer lung function in infancy and childhood: even infants with minimal or no oxygen requirement at discharge demonstrate airflow obstruction and gas trapping compared to full-term controls [ 32- 35].
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) demonstrated abrupt obstruction of the lower CBD (Fig. 3).
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