We find that these three metrics capture additional possible metrics relevant to the genetic and demographic effects of aquaculture spillover and its management.
Fox was No. 2 in the 18-to-49 18-to-49 18-to-49edemographicball spillover into prime time.
Assuming the same average number of escapes over time, pulsed and highly variable spillover have a smaller demographic, fitness, and recovery effect on average than constant spillover (Fig. 3, first and second columns).
If escape occurs after natural selection and before reproduction, then demographic, fitness, and recovery time consequences of spillover increase with decreasing θ C (increasing degree of maladaptation in the cultured population).
Spillover from such programs can cause unintended fitness and demographic consequences for wild conspecifics.
Some empirical evidence shows that increases in biomass and species diversity in marine reserves can be observed very quickly, with the potential for spillover to areas outside reserves, thereby suggesting that there could be significant demographic, nonevolutionary impacts (e.g., Roberts et al. 2001; Halpern and Warner 2002).
As different pro-environmental behavior groups play different roles in consumers' lifestyles (e.g., socio-demographics, values) and behavior (Barr et al. 2005), types of pro-environmental behaviors associated with spillover need to be considered.
Furthermore, our simulations might underestimate the effects of large pulses of spillover by ignoring processes that particularly affect small populations (e.g., genetic drift, inbreeding depression, depensation, demographic stochasticity; Lande 1998), which could occur after a large pulse of escapees, and we do not account for the potential for overcompensatory effects of large pulses.
Anchored by a football spillover into primetime, CBS was No. 1 over all on Sunday, but ABC posted stronger numbers in the younger demographic that advertisers covet.
This threshold behavior (also noted in a model of spillover from transgenic crops with simpler genetic structure; Haygood et al. 2003) indicates the importance of both the demographic and genetic factors affecting the wild populations.
