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The only demographic scenario considered is urban, since there is where offloading can make sense.
What demographic scenario can account for the absence of the majority of founding haplotypes in the core area of the proposed source population?
This demographic scenario implies that the population would have increased until 1920 and it would have declined afterwards due to the fall in fertility below replacement level (see Fig. 8b).
According to Liedholm and Mead (2013) micro and small enterprises contribute to the development process through enhancing household income thereby increasing welfare, building self-confidence and empowerment, bringing social and political stability, and conveying changes in the distribution of income and demographic scenario.
We first considered a pure-drift demographic scenario similar to the PDN1 one described previously.
Hence, an intermediate potentially useful approach may consist in using populations of laboratory-reared organisms that are constrained to follow a pre-defined demographic scenario.
Results are therefore largely independent of the demographic scenario considered; even when mortality is very high and late fertility is low.
To explore the size of the founding population, we assumed a simple demographic scenario where the introduced propagules founded a population that immediately started to increase.
We explored this alternative demographic scenario by simulating a founding population (N = 100 bees) which experienced a lag period prior to population expansion.
It offers two advantages over the study of natural populations: (i) different parameters of the population evolution can be precisely defined by the experimenter and (ii) multiple replicates of each demographic scenario can be performed.
The concordance of allelic richness between the two types of loci occurred only transiently and at much higher values (∼9 alleles) than observed in our dataset (Figure 2), rendering this demographic scenario unlikely.
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