"These early language spreads were essentially driven by demographic processes, or colonization, to use another word," Dr. Bellwood said.
These effects can be influenced by temporal fluctuations in population demographic processes.
However, this approach does not permit to go into details on demographic processes.
Both the Czech Republic and Slovakia have much the same age structure of the population and face similar demographic processes.
To do so, we disentangle carbon recovery into demographic processes (recruitment, growth, mortality fluxes) and cohorts (recruited trees, survivors).
Yet the effects of biotic interactions and other important demographic processes remain overlooked among most studies of climate-mediated invasions.
Nevertheless, very few studies have assessed the net effects of habitat fragmentation on plant recruitment integrating its multiple demographic processes.
Consequently, restored sites may have insufficient genetic diversity to underpin genetic and demographic processes and facilitate adaptation to climate change.
The negative effect of fragmentation on M. communis recruitment became stronger when all the demographic processes were integrated.
Demographic processes modulate genome-wide levels and patterns of genetic variation via impacting effective population size independently of natural selection.
Population ecology builds upon these introductory models to further understand demographic processes in real study populations.
