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It can perform acoustic feature extraction with moderate computational requirements and achieve self-normalization with respect to changing speakers very efficiently, yielding a sound acoustic front end that can be used in today's demanding speech recognition applications.
The motor regions that control movements of the articulators activate during listening to speech and contribute to performance in demanding speech recognition and discrimination tasks.
Recent studies using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have demonstrated that disruptions of the articulatory motor cortex impair performance in demanding speech perception tasks.
Here, we aimed to determine whether the articulatory motor cortex affects the auditory mechanisms underlying discrimination of speech sounds in the absence of demanding speech tasks.
The studies using TMS have consistently shown that stimulation of the left-hemisphere motor and premotor cortex changes participants' performance in demanding speech tasks (Meister et al. 2007; D'Ausilio et al. 2009; Möttönen and Watkins 2009; Sato et al. 2009).
In these studies, participants performed demanding speech identification or discrimination tasks, while intelligibility of the speech sounds was compromised by adding noise (Meister et al. 2007; D'Ausilio et al. 2009) or by manipulating formant transitions (Möttönen and Watkins 2009).
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And what about all those long demanding speeches, demanding for the actors as well as for the audience?
The ghost of 60s student militancy demanding "free speech" at the Berkeley campus of the University of California rose again recently against Berkeley's town councillors, who had called for a speedy end to the bombing of Afghanistan.
TC1 representing a group of five UTs (users) always demanding voice (speech) service, and.
TC1 representing a group of five UTs (users) always demanding voice (speech) service, and TC2 representing one data UT (user) always demanding a corresponding type of service.
In brief, a robust feature to distinguish speech and noise is urgently demanded for speech enhancement.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com