Total consumption (qph i,h,r)) then depends on the sum of these two demands for subsistence and luxury commodities.
By making their swidden field their main priority, farmers sacrificed higher oil palm yields to the need for subsistence rice and social demands for rice wine.
The increasing demand for NTFPs for subsistence and cash income generation has been reported in many developing countries (Ahenkan and Boon 2011; Shackleton et al. 2011; Steele et al. 2015), aggravated by the poor returns from agriculture and other off-farm income activities.
With respect to the constancy of high PAL not only in middle-aged but also in the elderly men and women, the work demands for their subsistence activities and out-migration of younger generation to cities could have been the interrelated compounding factors.
"Time-use surveys may reveal relatively little time devoted to unpaid direct care activities [because] the demands of subsistence production in those countries are great," and may not take into account multitasking — for example, a mother may collect wood fuel while a child is in the same location, so the child is in her care while she is performing other work.
Of greater interest in Ijara was consumptive water use value given its scarcity and high demand for livestock, domestic and subsistence crop farming.
The Peuhl depend on their animals for subsistence, and livestock need a lot of water.
The International Whaling Commission approved extending bowhead whaling quotas for Eskimos for subsistence hunting.
For three days, beginning on January 8th, as many as 300 workers from the Xinji Spinning and Weaving Company gathered outside the city government's headquarters to demand the subsistence wages promised by their employers when the former state-owned factory closed in August.Since the SOE reforms a decade ago, the internet has become a far more widely used and powerful medium for dissent.
