Furthermore, autophagy can be used to deliver endogenous viral antigens to the MHC class II loading compartment, allowing activation of CD4 T cells.
However, professional antigen presenting cells (e.g. dendritic cells) can load exogenous antigens onto both class I and II molecules, and autophagy can deliver endogenous antigens to the class II pathway [8].
Conversely, autophagy can deliver endogenous antigens, such as the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), from the cytosol or nucleus into the vacuolar compartment.
For example, a new specificity can be introduced into T cells by delivering an endogenous or synthetic receptor, such as chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), which recognize an antigen of choice on cancer cells and thus, facilitate tumour-cell recognition, ultimately leading to formation of an armada of activated T cells and killing of target cells.
Two potential routes for FUS-mediated plaque reduction been previously reported: (1) FUS-induced BBB opening delivered the endogenous IgG and IgM from the periphery into the brain and contributes to plaque clearance8.
As mild denaturation temperatures had been shown to deliver higher endogenous sequence yields (see above), we selected an enzyme with 3' DNA phosphatase activity that could be heat inactivated at 65°C.
T cell stimulation requires two activating signals delivered by endogenous APC: signal 1, a cognate antigenic peptide presented in the context of MHC that binds the TCR; and signal 2, one of a number of co-stimulatory receptors that modulate T cell responses.
We have endogenous chemicals in our brain.
We found that the NVs could efficiently deliver the specific endogenous molecule Sphk2 to recipient cells.
Thus, emerging strategies in biomaterial chemistry have focused on ways to tether or sequester biological signals and engineer these bioactive scaffolds to signal to delivered cells or endogenous cells.
