These include citizen juries, citizen panels, consensus conferences, planning cells, deliberative polling, focus groups, consensus building exercises, surveys, public hearings, open houses, citizen advisory committees, community planning, and referenda (Funtowitz & Ravetz 1993).
More widely, Weldon usefully summarizes some of the methods used to engage the diverse citizen body within public engagement efforts: citizen juries, deliberative polls, focus groups, Internet consultation, public debates, Web debates, and more artistic media such as theater and exhibitions (Weldon 2004, 20).
In particular, it avoids a common mistake made by many contemporary deliberative democrats: focusing on the formal procedures of deliberation at the expense of examining the sources of inequality within civil society, e.g. the family.
However, their deliberative path is focused only on the uncertainties over science rather than concerns over the biosphere's stability.
Many experiments, in both Europe and the the United States, with focus groups, deliberative polling, citizen juries, and extended peer review (Funtovicz and Ravetz 1990 , 1992, are exploring appropriate ways forward.
Although negative ones are emphasised in public accounts such as local authority consultations, in more deliberative settings (such as focus groups), participants balanced these implications for personal wellbeing against broader determinants of health, such as carbon emission reduction and divesting resources to spend on other services, which might accrue from reduced energy expenditure.
Some authors contend that direct democracy may undermine representative democracy, while others focus on the deliberative functions for a democratic public sphere and the capacity for integrating citizens in the democratic process.
Still others focus on the deliberative processes that precede the formation of intentions, so that even to contemplate the doing of an evil act impermissibly invokes our agency (Anscombe 1958; Geach 1969; Nagel 1979).
Based on results from the literature review, focus groups, and deliberative meeting, effective strategies for supporting patient participation in HTA will be identified.
This transfer will be done through participation of representatives from other HTA units of the province in the focus groups and the deliberative meeting.
