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Modifications in the N-terminal region (insertion, deletion, substitution by a Trp residue) exhibited a strong positive effect on activity whereas amino acid exchanges in other regions of the protein such as the Ca2+-binding loop and the loop connecting the two central helices were deleterious with respect to activity.
Two central evolutionary theories hypothesize that the detrimental effects of aging are due to an accumulation of mutations, or antagonistic pleiotropy, whereby genes with beneficial effects early in life become deleterious with age [3].
SNPs with a low minor allele frequency (< = 2%, Fig. 3B, red line) are much more likely to be deleterious with that minor allele, whereas those that have high MAF (> = 20%, Fig. 3B, blue line) are much more likely to be tolerant.
Mutations at all sites are by default deleterious, with effects drawn from an exponential distribution.
By contrast, the impact on pancreas grafts is deleterious, with microthromboses and loss of function [ 18].
Because s > c, all non-duplicate genes are beneficial, but duplicate copies are rendered deleterious, with cost c.
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An event produces an advantageous change with probability p a and a deleterious change with probability p d.
Governors with national ambitions have also seen the deleterious effects with their home state constituents as they take on a National Role.
In comparison with individuals with no deleterious alleles, those with four deleterious alleles had an OR of incident diabetes of 3.60 (95% CI 1.09 11.9) in men and 3.22 (0.62–16.5) in women.
Even in the absence of detectable disease, the heart undergoes deleterious changes with advancing age.
Those authors even observed a deleterious effect with the prior use of hypertonic saline before performing experimental ischemia-reperfusion by clamping the pulmonary arteries [43].
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