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In the case of a fitness cost of resistance, the sequential acquisition of multiple deleterious resistance mutations should result in a cumulative fitness deficit that may reduce the likelihood that a strain will evolve extensive drug resistance.
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If antibiotic resistance is only weakly deleterious, resistant stains could be maintained in a structured environment with low or intermediate rates of immigration as long as episodic selective pressures halt the decay of these strains.
However, the duplication was present in a Papua New Guinea population with high malaria and a high frequency of deleterious malaria resistance genes (Hall et al., 2007).
Obesity during adolescence may be more deleterious for insulin resistance and diabetes than obesity during other periods of the life span.
More recently, this optimistic view was put into question with the discovery that compensatory mutations could alleviate the deleterious effect of resistance alleles (reviewed in Andersson and Hughes [2010]).
In particular, testing whether compensatory mutations that ameliorate the deleterious effects of one resistance mutation [ 8, 10- 13] can buffer against the effects of resistance elements at other loci would be relevant to the broader question of how selection acts on antibiotic resistance across genetic backgrounds.
We have previously shown that the fitness of drug-resistant Mtb depends both on the specific drug-resistance-conferring mutations and strain genetic backgrounds, and that compensatory mutations might mitigate the potential deleterious effects of drug resistance on bacterial fitness [8], [18].
The TiC content in Ti3SiC2 was deleterious to the oxidation resistance of Ti3SiC2.
Furthermore, a differential biosensor design has been proposed, and the measurements have indicated that the deleterious effects of parasitic resistance have been eliminated.
Electrochemical tests also revealed that the use of shoot peening prior to sequential plasma treatments at 475 °C could partially counteract the deleterious reduction in corrosion resistance promoted by chromium nitride precipitation at this higher processing temperature.
Compared to the mechanical method, the laser marking technique had a deleterious effect on the resistance of ASTM F139 stainless steel to localised corrosion, increasing its susceptibility to pitting corrosion.
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