This phenomenon seems to mimic echocardiogram stress testing, and its misinterpretation may induce the use of deleterious doses of vasoactive drugs.
In addition, we study the effect of applying two environmental constraints to the system, a cold step of three days at 12°C (ΔT) and a containment of the samples in a chamber that reduces the amount of available oxygen (↓O2), both of them not reaching deleterious doses [ 15, 16].
Dasatinib has a dual effect in polymicrobial sepsis, where higher doses had deleterious effects but lower doses had beneficial effects, probably because lower doses may downregulate the immune response, avoiding extensive tissue damage.
This is another example of a biphasic effect of NO, with beneficial effects at low doses and deleterious effects at high doses.
First coined by Ristow and colleagues, mitohormesis is an application of the theory of hormesis in which a stressor may have beneficial effects at relatively low doses and deleterious effects at high doses [ 44].
Thus, positive discrimination for a mutation type resulting in a protein with moderate activity for features beneficial at low but potentially deleterious at high dose is well compatible with a selection process.
In this situation, the deleterious effect of dose reduction without full compensation is large and unavoidable, and thus an active response prior to the expression change rather than a reaction to expression change is required.
Full compensation, as observed for the Drosophila X chromosome, is an elegant solution evolved to eliminate the deleterious effects of dose reduction and genic imbalance, and is clearly important for male viability.
Hormesis is described that a toxic substance or stressor has a stimulatory effect at low doses but a deleterious effects at high doses (Calabrese and Baldwin 2003a, b).
However, these substances can be deleterious in high doses [ 37] and males can utilize them to manipulate female physiology and behaviour to their advantage.
