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Because spatial working memory performance on these delayed tasks is known to be dependent upon optimal PFC DA activity [ 27- 33], it is possible that the mPFC DA hypofunction caused by adolescent social defeat [ 18, 22] is contributing to the observed differences in the two spatial working memory tasks.
However, Houk׳s proposed cellular model fails to account for the time delay between the dopaminergic and glutamatergic activity required for reward-related learning and also fails to explain the 'eligibility trace' condition needed in delayed tasks of associative conditioning in which a memory trace of the antecedent signal is needed at the time of a succeeding reward.
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Furthermore, dynamic methods are better suited for spotting delayed task response times due to blocking of shared resources.
The domain verbal memory was assessed by the immediate and delayed task of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.
Rat pups prenatally exposed to PFOS show delayed behavioral milestones (Luebker et al. 2005), and delayed task learning has been noted in female pups prenatally exposed to PFOS and maternal restraint (Fuentes et al. 2007).
These authors found delayed task performance times during preovulation and midluteal phase (theoretically, high estrogen and progesterone phases); unfortunately the concentrations of estrogens and progesterone were not measured in their study.
Impediments (8 10) are considered as a special subset of workflow interruptions that force doctors to stop the current activity to turn their attention to a disruptive incident and thus aggravate or delay task performance [ 31].
One hour after ingesting the capsule on each session, participants completed mood questionnaires and five impulsivity tasks: go/no-go task, delay discounting task, time estimation task, stop task, and the balloon analogue risk task (BART).
The primary task was a delayed saccade task, shown in Figure 2A.
These regions have been reported to be active during the response phase in delayed response tasks before [15], [45].
On delayed response tasks, research with infants suggests that more salient visual cues can improve response accuracy following longer time delays (Clearfield, Dineva, Smith, Diedrich & Thelen, 2009).
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