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Larvae fed Pf-5 at lower doses delayed metamorphosis for up to a day, whereas larvae fed higher doses pupariated with up to a three-day delay.
Pechenik [40] lists temperature, salinity, nutrition, low dissolved oxygen, pollution, and ultraviolet radiation as possible stressors that may induce delayed metamorphosis, and further indicates that larvae are more sensitive than adults to such stressors (Pechenik [41] and references therein).
In contrast, strains SBW25 and Pf-5 were toxic to D. melanogaster, with SBW25 causing a systemic melanization response and Pf-5 causing a dose-dependent lethality and delayed metamorphosis coupled with morphological defects in adults.
First, genetic ablation of the IPCs, or a partial loss of function mutation in the single insulin receptor InR, each decreased IIS and growth rate, and also delayed metamorphosis [2], [3], suggesting that metamorphosis is activated by an IIS-responsive process.
However, synergistic interactions between temperature and Cu occurred in the present study at and above 31°C for both species (Fig. 4C, 4D) indicating that greater than additive effects of these stressors are presently unlikely to be experienced at this site except for that proportion of larvae that show delayed metamorphosis.
Even if larvae metamorphose and escape desiccation, delayed metamorphosis along with decreased size at metamorphosis reduces adult recruitment and the likelihood of reproduction in amphibians (Smith 1987).
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Additionally, the knockdown embryos were resistant to exogenous T3 treatment and underwent delayed metamorphoses.
Treatment with adult haemoglobin did not significantly delay metamorphosis.
The finding that this relationship is weaker when development time is limited by pool drying, suggests that, under stressful conditions, organisms do not increase their size by delaying metamorphosis, whether the stress is caused by limited food or limited time.
Interestingly, tadpoles subjected to the constant water level treatment increased their weight by delaying metamorphosis, while no such relationship was found in tadpoles subjected to drying conditions, as has been observed in other amphibians [7].
This is perhaps not too surprising since discless mutant Drosophila also does not delay metamorphosis [ 29].
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