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Ginzburg and Taneyhill [17] developed a two-dimensional model of delayed difference equation which relates the average quality of individuals to patterns of abundance.
In this contribution, we investigate a delayed difference almost periodic system for the growth of two species of plankton with competition and allelopathic effects on each other.
The problem concerning the asymptotical convergence of solutions of delayed differential equations (or delayed difference equation, etc). is a classical one.
Then, we employ delayed difference equations of sixth order to describe the model, while the respective solutions of sixth order polynomial correspond to the typical observed business cycles of real economy.
If the following N − 1 linear delayed difference equations are asymptotically stable about their zero solution x l ( k + 1 ) = J x l ( k ) + J d x l ( k − h ( k ) ) + c λ l Γ x l ( k − h ( k ) ), l = 2, 3, …, N, (4).
which is asymptotically stable at the equilibrium point s ( k ) = 0 and s ( k − h ( k ) ) = 0. To analyse the synchronization stability for randomly changing coupling strength, the N − 1 linear delayed difference equations (6) are x ( k + 1 ) = ( I N − 1 ⊗ J ) x ( k ) + ( I N − 1 ⊗ J d + ρ m c x ( k − h ( k ) ) (36). with the Jacobian matrices J = [ 0.8 0 0.05 0.9 ], J d = [ − 0.1 0 − 0.2 − 0.1 ].
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Again, the B3-LOS is most challenging with respect to delay differences because a very small delay difference of 3.5 ns occurs twice.
With increasing symbol duration T s, the relative excess delays and delay differences decrease.
An ionospheric spatial gradient represents the ionosphere delay difference between different locations, and its variation over a specific area is important for implementing differential GNSS systems.
The proposed allocation algorithm aims to provide fair delay for video packets by minimizing the delay difference among transmitted video packets.
The results of the inter-system GPS/GLONASS time offset, the user time offset and the inter-system device delay difference were obtained using the proposed method.
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