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The freezing weather has delayed breeding too, said Tim Harrison, development officer for the year-round garden birdwatch run by BTO: "On Valentine's Day 2010 there were nine species recorded as having active nests - ie eggs and/or young - compared with 16-17 specins in milder winters".
In terms of survival I found no direct costs of dispersal, although the effects on individuals fitness cannot be excluded given that other studies have found a relationship between dispersal and delayed breeding [13], [9].
For instance, in the European starling Sturnus vulgaris, rapid molting compromised the quality of flight feathers [26], while blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus with probably reduced time available for molting due to experimentally delayed breeding invested more energy in winter thermoregulation owing to less efficient insulation capacity of the plumage [27].
For lemon sharks at Bimini, we show it is essential to include density-dependent mortality in the first age class and to incorporate delayed breeding to predict even basic population dynamics.
Physiologically structured population models [ 13, 14] that incorporate delayed breeding [ 15, 16], density-dependent mechanisms [ 13, 17], demographic stochasticity [ 18– 22], or some combination of these processes, have been applied to many ecological systems to answer questions related to population dynamics, conservation, and management.
The material used, however, could not answer if delayed breeding start is voluntary or a result of silent heat.
Similar(50)
If there are no nesting sites available, young ospreys may be forced to delay breeding.
Albatrosses live much longer than other birds; they delay breeding for longer and invest more effort into fewer young.
C. ensifolium has a long juvenile phase before flowering, generally five to six years, which delays breeding programs [ 2].
Deer mice (Peromyscus maiculatus) that were experimentally infected with Schistosomatium douthitti, for example, were shown to delay breeding and give birth to heavier (more fit) offspring.
Lemon sharks have complex life histories they delay breeding for over a decade, mature in an environment (nursery lagoons at the Bimini site) vastly different from their adult habitat (open ocean) and when mature breed every other year.
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