The deeply sequenced venom gland transcriptome of G. dibranchiata shows that with the single exception of the protease inhibitor cystatin, all identified venom toxin transcripts have undergone varying degrees of lineage-specific diversification.
To determine the degree of lineage restriction of Crx during development, we performed in situ hybridization on whole animal sections to detect Crx RNA at embryonic and postnatal stages.
Therefore, significance of the gsi statistic indicates exclusive ancestry of lineages, whereas the value of the gsi measures the degree of lineage divergence.
Although crude, this method increases probability of obtaining accurate population trees using even a single locus and yields insights into the degree of lineage sorting [ 77].
The high degree of lineage and locus-specific conservation of these intergenic repeat regions suggests that STAR elements are maintained due to selective or molecular forces with some of these elements having an important role in cell physiology.
For nuclear genes (i.e. Pola1, Sws1, Thy, Tg, H2a, Kcnq4, Prestin-4, - 8 and - 18) that showed mixing between the himalayanus and [ macrurus + hainanus] clades, we used Mesquite v2.5 [ 57] to calculate Slatkin & Maddison's s statistic [ 58], a measure of the degree of lineage sorting assuming no gene flow after splitting.
A stem cell is commonly defined as a cell that has the ability to (a) self-renew, (b) proliferate to form progenitor cells with a higher degree of lineage commitment, and (c) ultimately give rise to all the terminally differentiated and functional cells of the tissue from which it is derived [ 16].
It is unclear whether CIMP-associated gene hypermethylation in breast tumors reflects the degree of lineage-specific differentiation or is a biologically distinct entity occurring through another mechanism.
As taxonomic isolation is reduced by future genome assemblies for A. americanum and other hard ticks, the degree of lineage-specific adaptations within tick taxa must be evaluated more closely.
However, the above behavior is not representative for all degrees of incomplete lineage sorting.
