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By controlling the parameters such as the indentation force (within the order of 1 10 μN), nanoscopic patterns with different degrees of defects were formed.
By controlling the reaction temperature (60, 80, and 140 °C), three-dimensional (3D) dandelion-like α-MnO2 microspheres were synthesized with different degrees of defects and electrical conductivities.
Mutant library screens identified three groups of mutants with varying degrees of defects in L-form formation or survival.
Mutant screens identified three groups of mutants which displayed varying degrees of defects in L-form colony formation.
We identified 52 mutants that displayed varying degrees of defects in L-form colony formation (Fig. 3A C) when compared to the parent strain (Fig. 3D).
We identified 3 groups of mutants that showed varying degrees of defects in L-form colony formation, possibly reflecting the relative importance of the genes involved in L-form formation (Fig. 3), with the majority of the mutants belonging to Group 1 mutants which showed a complete inability to form L-form colonies.
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Two kinds of shavings with different degrees of defect concentration were filed away from Kapton with 50 μm in thickness using two sheets of diamond paper with different diamond particle size.
Furthermore, the authors carried out mutant screens and identified three groups of mutants with varying degrees of defect in L-form bacteria formation or survival compared to classic colonies of E. coli.
The high activity of the MCNS-based electrode materials can be attributed to their nanoporous structure and conductive carbon skeleton that contains high degree of defects.
The ORR activity is found to exhibit excellent correlation with the degree of defects, with OLC prepared at 1400 °C found to have the highest activity.
Compared to GNF and GNS, GNB not only provides a higher degree of defects in the sp2 plane structure but also possesses aboundant hydroxyl functional groups as the electro-catalytic active sites for I3− reduction; thereby, the intrinsic heterogeneous rate constant (k0) and effective electro-catalytic surface area (Ae) of GNB-based CE are both higher than the values of GNF-based and GNS-based CEs.
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