We shall illustrate, with case studies about smart grid actors, the growing need for distrust, and trust as a "certainty equivalent" [21], to manage rising degrees of contingency, uncertainty, and risk, particularly from a consumer perspective.
Future research should investigate this topic further by exploring how different degrees of contingency (e.g., temporal and spatial invariants) are processed in the infant brain.
There is, in this story, an enormous degree of contingency and factual specificity.
Large-scale lithium ion batteries for electrical storage in this context can provide cost savings, operational flexibility, and reduced stress on the distribution grid as well as a degree of contingency for installations relying upon unsteady renewables.
Instead, human history, at virtually every scale, appears to embody a large degree of contingency and multiple pathways of development.
Nonetheless, the fact that different values of μ survive in different realizations of this experiment strongly emphasizes not only the high degree of contingency in such systems, but also the delicate balance of various competing optimalities as a population struggles to expand into every available crevice of its morphospace.
Normatively, the degree of contingency between two events is given by the ΔP rule (Allan, 1980), which amounts to the difference between two conditional probabilities: Namely, the probability of the outcome if the action is performed, P O|A), minus the probability of the outcome if the action is not performed, P O|¬A).
In some cases, simulations with identical parameters exhibited a high degree of historical contingency, as illustrated in Figure 2. Here, two simulations, with μ = 0.9, mutation values selected from a normal distribution, and a feedback-modulated landscape, show dramatically different outcomes.
3) The degree of post-contingency overloading can be controlled by choosing appropriate K C. .
The degree of post-contingency overloading can be controlled by choosing appropriate K C. Two representative numerical examples are presented by the proposed approaches: the IEEE 9-bus test system and the ISO New England real system.
Although a certain degree of post-contingency overloading is allowed, the using "high economy" mode is attractive because of the following three facts: 1) The probability of a contingency occurrence is very low, e.g., the trip of a transmission line may happen only several times during a year, but we have to prevent it in SCOPF model for every hour.
