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Considering genes as units, there are variable degrees of constraints leading to different evolutionary rates acting on different genes.
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Newer designs of total knee arthroplasty (TKA), through the use of added degrees of constraint, attempt to provide a "guided motion" to restore more normal and predictable kinematics.
In genetic algorithms, constraints are mostly handled by using the concept of penalty functions, which penalize infeasible solutions by reducing their fitness values in proportion to the degrees of constraint violation.
To define the fitness function, a penalty approach is used for the proposed genetic algorithm to penalize infeasible solutions and to reduce their fitness values in proportion to their degrees of constraint violation.
The application of various degrees of constraint at a site can be achieved by the thermal stress device by varying the thermal expansion coefficient and the cross sectional area of the restraining frame.
These are compared with FE data and the apparent modulus is found to be within about 8% for the whole range of aspect ratios (10−2 103), and thus degrees of constraint for the cylinders.
We can estimate strong selection by comparing the prevalences of low-frequency polymorphisms in different genomic compartments that likely experience different degrees of constraint.
The PDMS networks formed from concentrated solution had a relatively higher effective interconnectivity of the network chains and a higher degree of constraints of fluctuations of the network junctions than did the networks formed from more dilute solutions.
In the end of this section, we are going to investigate the degree of constraint violation for the proposed method.
One must balance the objective function against the degree of constraint violation in such a way that neither is dominant.
It is more robust in the sense of less degree of constraint violation taking account of the satisfaction degree of decision maker.
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