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Refined degrees of adaptation of terrestrial organisms include sunscreens that once placed within the extracellular sheaths, passively protect against UV radiation, even when the cell is dormant or dehydrated (Garcia-Pichel and Castenholz 1991; Gao and Garcia-Pichel 2011).
The parasitic genus Cuscuta comprises a range of species with different degrees of adaptation to the parasitic lifestyle.
The significant "clinical presentation × gene" interaction indicated that different genes from human PVs with different clinical presentation had different degrees of adaptation to the average human CUPrefs.
In addition, it seems that different incompatibility groups present in the same species have different degrees of adaptation to their host genomes, in proportion to the amount of time the incompatibility group has coexisted with the host genome.
Becoming culturally competent involves a broad spectrum of interventions and strategies, requiring various degrees of adaptation, from marginal changes to radical ones [ 8, 9, 24- 27] (see Table 1).
In a complex, multi-factorial environment a phenotype will have different degrees of adaptation to each particular factor, but the phenotype's net fitness will be limited by its adaptation to the factor it is least adapted to, called the limiting factor, following Sprengel-Liebig's Law of the Minimum (Fig. 7C) ([ 15, 64]).
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Jokinen [1] identifies a more complex degree of adaptation in which the system adapts to the user's intentions and state.
Figure 5 also shows the time derivative of the degree of adaptation, which equals half the adaptive substitution rate per site: d α (f ) / d t = [ V (f ) − V (− f ) ] / 2 ρ (f ) by Equations 4 and 6.
With the proposed adaptive arithmetic coding, a high degree of adaptation and redundancy reduction can be achieved.
By contrast, sites in the adaptive regime (f > σ ˜ ) have a high degree of adaptation and generate most of the fitness flux.
Our results show that, before reaching the new equilibrium, and especially at the early stages of the adaptive process, there is no simple relationship between the momentary degree of adaptation and the new error rate at which a population evolves.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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