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The surface of CVD-grown Si NWs was usually coated with native oxide, and their surface properties varied depending on the growth condition and degree of surface contamination [18].
From the experimental results, the dependence of surface-velocity distribution on the bulk viscosity of the solution, degree of surface contamination and concentration and feed rate of alcohol, was discussed.
Spatially-resolved food analysis is not only of interest to scientists searching for added-value natural food ingredients but also has applications in food quality and safety; for example, to investigate the presence and/or degree of surface contamination or surface defects or to search for early-ripening markers.
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The difference of radiocesium concentrations at two sites, which are located within a 1 km range but have different degrees of surface contamination, was large from winter to late spring and small in summer and autumn, indicating that resuspension occurs locally and/or that atmospheric radiocesium was not well mixed in winter/spring, and it was opposite in summer/autumn.
For many healthcare-associated pathogens the degree of hospital surface contamination is closely correlated with the risk of transmission, but the extent to which this is true for ESBL-EC and ESBL-KP remains uncertain [ 7- 9].
More precisely the temperature, wettability, geometry and degree of the surface contamination play an important role in the coating particularly from the adhesion point of view.
Advice to health-care professionals focuses on bottle preparation, but the effectiveness of prevention depends on the degree of contamination and contamination sites, which are generally unknown.
Degree of surface coverage.
Common pollution indices, such as Contamination factor (Cf), degree of contamination (Cd), modified contamination degree (mCd), potential ecological risk index (RI) and metal pollution index (MPI), were used for assessing contamination status.
Soil in the study area were also assessed for contamination factors, degree of contamination, modified degree of contamination and the pollution load index, and the result are given in Table 5.
The degree of contamination is aimed at providing a measure of the degree of overall contamination in surface layers in particular sampling site.
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