Educational level referred to the highest level of schooling completed by the mother, categorised into three groups: primary school or less, secondary school and university degree.
Detailed information on the highest level of school completed was collected and the variable was categorized as "less than high school degree" (high school not completed), "high school degree" (high school diploma or general equivalency diploma), and "more than high school degree" (some college, vocational, or technical school; associate's degree; Bachelor's, Master's, or professional degree).
Income and education measures were respectively based on median family or household income, and median years of school completed or percent of the population with college or high school degree.
Mothers were asked to define their level of formal education as having either: no formal education, only the first three years of elementary school, completed elementary school, completed high school, or having a university degree.
Education was classified as: high school not completed, high school completed, some college but no degree, or completed bachelor's degree or more.
Education was categorized as less than high school, completed high school, some college/technical school certificate or associate degree, bachelor's degree, and graduate or professional school.
Approximately one-third of the mothers did not have a high school degree, a third completed high school, and a third had at least 1 year of college.
The skill control variables take the form of the share of natives who hold a degree, have completed school, have incomplete schooling, or are still in full-time education.
Each equation also contains age controls (mean immigrant age, mean native age), skill controls (share of native population with degree, with completed school, still in education) and a full set of region/year, occupation/year and region/occupation interaction dummies.
b Each equation also contains age, age squared, skill controls (share of native population with degree, with completed school, still in education), region dummies, year dummies and 2-digit occupation dummies.
