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We urge all sides to show a degree of proportionality".
But whether the Constitution requires some degree of proportionality is unclear.
Variability was reported as SD based on inspection of degree of proportionality between SD and means, and CV not included.
A degree of proportionality between means and SD was observed for most effect classes (Figs. 3 and 4), but SD for birth weights did not differ among lambs with yearling, 2-year-old, and adult dams.
The obtained results are consistent with some degree of proportionality between what transcripts become substrates for Piwi protein complexes and the level by which the transcripts are present in the cell.
Such an extreme case of short-circuiting of the flow paths that control the bulk composition of groundwater could in fact potentially generate some of the observed patterns, including enhanced transport of E. coli during the monsoon and some degree of proportionality of fecal contamination to local population density.
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If the relationship were only scale driven, larger aggregations with population above 351 persons should be distributed around the 45 degree line of proportionality one.
In this contribution, a degree of non-proportionality of stresses is investigated, which has been originally proposed by Chu et al. This degree of non-proportionality of stresses is a statistical measure for the variation of principal stress directions.
In particular, our method proved to be capable of correctly taking into account the scale effect as well as the degree of non-proportionality of the stress field damaging the fatigue process zone.
According to the above assumption, the complexity of the stress field acting on the fatigue process zone is directly taken into account through the ratio between the ranges of the normal and shear stress relative to the critical plane, being such a ratio sensitive to the degree of non-proportionality of the applied loading but not to the presence of superimposed static stresses.
An example shows that the degree of non-proportionality of stresses can be used even for the compensation of methodical weaknesses of the critical plane criterion, when assessing fatigue effects of local rotating principal stresses for ductile materials such as tempered steel.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com