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Single marker and haplotype association with severity of degeneration, number of discs involved, changes in ODI and VAS CLBP, was done using Haploview, linear regression and R-package Haplostats.
Linear and logistic regression analysis was performed for assessing the effect of each individual SNP on the regression of degeneration, number of segments involved, ODI and LBP change as dependent variables, along with controlling for the covariates age, sex and fusion.
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Association between the common haplotypes of the SNPs with frequency > 0.02 and severity of degeneration, numbers of segments involved, pain and disability, along with effect of the covariates was tested using the R package Haplostats [ 39].
No association of any haplotype of chromosome 2 markers was observed with the severity of degeneration and number of degenerated discs.
However, in order to avoid degeneration, the number of estimated projections was limited.
A significant positive correlation was observed between grade of degeneration and number of p16 INK 4a immunopositive cells following correction for age (P < 0.05).
Whereas in young mice satellite cells could be activated in response to muscle degeneration, their number and self-renewal ability rapidly decreased with age of the mice.
When MSCs were injected in murine NPs, with induced degeneration, the number of resident NCs and the differentiation of the resident NCs to NPC-like cells increased significantly compared with untreated degenerated NPs.
During IVD degeneration a number of pathological processes occur that impact on the extracellular matrix constituents, the macroscopic and histological appearance, and ultimately the function of the IVD [ 8, 9].
The associations between IL18RAP polymorphism rs1420100 with severity of degeneration and the number of degenerated discs are in line with results from a previous study by Videman et al. They were the first to identify an association of this SNP of IL18RAP gene with LDD [ 10].
The ageing process is typically characterised by neural degeneration in a number of brain regions, most notably the frontal lobes.
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