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Some companies are offering energy performance contracts in which schools defray upfront costs, paying later through savings in energy costs.
Some utilities are also offering lease agreements in which excess energy converted by solar panels is sold back to the company to defray upfront installation costs.
Policy changes, such as financial incentivesto clinicians to use HIT or pay-for-performance reimbursement, may help health care providers defray upfront investment costs and initial productivity loss.
Credits for "clean tech" industries, progressive procurement practices (e.g., for hybrid fleets), and tax benefits for commercial models that defray upfront capital costs are among the incentives needed to launch infant industries and drive market shifts.
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Therefore, Armstrong needs to find a partner with experience in the data business to help him defray his upfront costs.
Alderman argues that the arrangement is a boon for all, especially homebuilders desperate to defray the upfront cost of building sewers, streets and other infrastructure when they develop new neighborhoods.
SolarCity, the solar power startup whose chairman is the seemingly ever-present Elon Musk, has announced a new $750 million fund created to help fund residential solar projects, including defraying the upfront costs of solar panel installation at homes in 14 different states across the U.S. and in D.C.
Apple's move up has been prompted at least in part by a major change in the way it sells the iPhone in India, by employing the help of small local retailers to distribute the device, and creating amortized payment plans that defray the significant upfront cost of buying an iPhone in India.
Much depends on Congress, too, which is currently considering tax credits as high as $4,000 for hybrid buyers, a sum that would defray the typical added upfront cost of the vehicles.
At the end of the value chain, solar financing companies like SunEdison are defraying the often prohibitive upfront costs of solar installations for commercial, industrial, and residential customers.
Analysts also estimate that BMW's upfront costs, for defraying Magna's tooling and startup expenses, will be only about $100 million, rather than the estimated $500 million it would have cost to expand BMW's capacity.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com