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Dignāga gave a new definition of "perception": knowledge that is free from all conceptual constructions, including name and class concepts.
Dignaga gave a new definition of perception: a knowledge that is free from all conceptual constructions, including name and class concepts.
Both aspects of the definition of perception are viewed as valid a point that is made against both the Buddhists and the grammarians.
As Sarah Tanguy, curator of the Hechinger collection, points out in the exhibition catalog, depicting tools became for artists a "means to bridge the gap between art and life, and to address the shifting definition of perception".
Dignaga's tradition is further developed in the 7th century by Dharmakirti, who modified his definition of perception to include the condition "unerring" and distinguished, in his Nyayabindu, between four kinds of perception: that by the five senses, that by the mind, self-consciousness, and perception of the yogins.
Gaṅgeśa offers a simpler definition of perception as an awareness which has no other awareness as its chief instrumental cause.
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The Prabhakaras rejected nonperception as a way of knowing and were left with a list of five concerning definitions of perception.
Definitions of perception from various classical Indian philosophy schools are given in section 2 below.
What he is up to is to demonstrate that, given our present definitions of perception and categories on which our epistemology rests, there is no way to determine which of our sense-perceptions are true.
Here we first survey Buddhist and orthodox Hindu schools' definitions of perception (excluding Vaiśeṣika and Yoga schools since they simply take on board Nyāya and Sāṃkhya ideas, respectively) and note the issues raised by these definitions.
All definitions of perception are seriously flawed and we cannot rely on it in the way it is defined: we do not have even a reliable method or a dependable criterion to distinguish a genuine perception from a mirage, optical illusion or a mental image (e.g. in hallucination, reminiscence or dream).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com