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Life insurance claims have attracted greater scrutiny after allegations that CommInsure routinely denied legitimate claims from sick and dying customers, including through using an outdated definition of heart attacks, for which it admitted fault.
The baseline definition of heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts of blood to meet the metabolic needs of the organism or to do so only at an elevated filling pressure [1].
Even at 0.00125 mmole/kg Gd-LNP dose, clear definition of heart and liver as well as vasculature connecting tissues was apparent.
There is no objective definition of heart failure, and diagnosis relies on clinical judgment (Remme & Swedberg 2001).
Unlike acute coronary syndromes, the definition of heart failure is a bedside diagnosis based on clinical signs and symptoms rather than any stand-alone test result.
The revised 2012 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) chronic heart failure guideline was used to provide a contemporary definition of heart failure.
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Definitions of heart failure and atrial fibrillation in different studies varied, and we cannot exclude misclassification.
The definitions of heart failure, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction used by each individual study were accepted.
Current definitions of heart failure have taken this into account by distinguishing between heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
Right heart failure is not an entity as such but a continuum of disease severities and clinical symptoms and can be defined in congruence with previous definitions of heart failure by Sugawa and Sunagawa [ 12].
This was also not strictly a like-for-like comparison; the coding system used the term "Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD)" whereas P4P used a narrower definition of "coronary heart disease (CHD); " the coding system also used the broader term "heart failure" whereas P4P was limited to left ventricular dysfunction.
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