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In consequence none of these considerations have convinced philosophers of biology to accept the design problem definition, and to give up the project of defining fitness by reference to its effects in reproduction.
They conclude: "The problem of defining fitness remains".
Thus, using values of the basic reproduction number R0, i as a function of genotype, we explored the potential for niche construction in parameter space by defining fitness orderings by genotype.
In dealing with arbitrariness, we simply need to be clear how we are defining fitness or expected fitness in each circumstance, allowing for useful comparisons across different studies, as well as conceptual coherence.
We chose this method of defining fitness rather than the related, but somewhat simpler methods used in [ 67] and [ 19], because it allows greater freedom in the network evolution, including the complete loss and duplication of nodes.
Defining fitness in terms of relative growth rates, Eq. (1) predicts that the growth rate m X, Y) of the double mutant strain in the absence of epistasis is given by: (2) m (X, Y ) exp = m (X ) × m (Y ) m (w t ), where m wt), m(X) and m(Y) are the growth rates of the wildtype and single mutant strains, respectively.
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All these clinical features should be considered to define fitness and discriminate patients fit or unfit for specific drugs (Table 1).
(Exactly how it defines fitness will not be addressed here).
Our proposed approach intends to achieve the objectives of minimizing both execution time and cost based on the defined fitness function.
So, our objective is to minimize the defined fitness function which is proportional to the schedule length and the energy variance.
Tetracorder defines fitness F between these curves using b and b' coefficients as shown in Equation 3 [2]: F = b b ′ 1 / 2 (3).
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