The physical domain D is transformed into a topologically equivalent connected rectangular domain D′ by defining a branch cut inside D. Control of the grid line spacing over the multiply connected regions is established by appropriately distributing nodal points on the branch cut, and on other boundary curves.
In this study, we refine the deepest haplogroup E dichotomy, which now involves the E-M75 and the E-V3725 lineages, with the P147 mutation defining a branch sister to the newly discovered E-V44 lineage (supplementary fig. S3, Supplementary Material online).
Presently, regeneration is used to include multiple restorative processes manifested either as a result of physiological turnover (for example, the renewal of blood, skin and gut epithelial cells) or injury, and more recently has been used to define a branch of medical practice referred to as 'regenerative medicine'.
All but one of the 20 R0a samples carried an additional transition T58C; which could correspond with (preHV 1a1 in [ 20]; this seems to constitute part of the motif defining a sub-branch of hg (preHV 1a (identified by transition 827 on top of the basal motif); here we rename (preHV 1a and (preHV 1a1 as R0a1 and R0a1a for consistency.
Taken together, from the lack of epistasis between ANC1 and error-free branch members UBC13 and MMS2, and from the lack of epistasis with error-prone branch members REV3 and RAD30, we infer that ANC1 functions in a genetic pathway that is independent from the two established branches, and therefore, may define a new branch of PRR (Figure 3A).
The two Cinisara mtDNAs (#9 10) were identical and differed from the Agerolese mtDNA (#8) at only two coding-region positions, while the Romagnola sequence (#11) defined a separate branch, differing by a minimum of 34 mutations (Figure 1) and radiating ∼43 ky ago from its R counterparts (Table 2).
We show that ANC1 defines a new branch in the PRR pathway, one that is error-free, promotes cell survival in the presence of DNA damaging agents, and suppresses both induced and spontaneous mutation, including the expansion of CAG triplet repeats.
In addition, the 242-2158-12007 motif defines a J1b1a branch.
A novel RhoGAP-related domain was identified in some algal, moss and lycophyte (but not angiosperm) formins that define a specific branch (Class III) of the formin family.
This protein was found to define a new branch in a phylogenetic tree constructed using the DHA2 proteins encoded in the genomes of 5 hemiascomycete yeasts [ 41].
Therefore, it was hypothesised that this virus would define a new branch distinct from the three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes [ 12].
