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We defined translation initiation sites (TISs) as the 5′-UTR regions of 50 bp upstream of the start codon.
The detailed configuration dialog shows all the defined translation rules which can now be changed/combined manually to achieve the desired result.
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Ask a few professional translators to define translation, and one of the most likely answers would be "an art".
For example, Bell (1991) defines translation competence as the knowledge and skills the translators should have in order to do translation.
To do so, the Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) Dictionary was employed to obtain an English phoneme transcription and define translation rules from English to Spanish phonemes to build the phoneme transcription of the English words using Spanish phonemes.
But, according to Orozco (2001), the most comprehensive definition is the one given by PACTE research group (2000), p. 36, which defines translation competence as "the underlying system of knowledge and skills needed to be able to translate".
The NIEHS defines translation as the process of using basic research to inform "intervention and prevention methods to enhance awareness among communities, health care professionals, and policy makers of environmentally related diseases and health conditions" (NIEHS Division of Extramural Research and Training 2006).
Using this semigroup structure one defines translations τ g : Γ k → Γ k, g ∈ Γ k by τ g x = g o x. (2.4).
Similarly, by means of τ g one can define translations τ ̃ g : L → L of L. Namely, τ ̃ g < x, y > = < τ g x, τ g y >.
To solve this problem we define translations of SBGN PD maps into the more abstract SBGN AF maps.
The Process Subcommittee therefore determined that a detailed LV process was required to ensure that all translations of Consortium-developed PRO measures are performed using a standardized approach with the rigor required to meet regulatory and pharmaceutical industry expectations, as well as having a clearly defined instrument translation process that the translation industry can support.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com