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Although early signs and prodromal symptoms can be defined retrospectively in patients who have developed schizophrenia, they do have to be confirmed as early predictors in prospective and longitudinal studies.
Uncomplicated sepsis was defined retrospectively by one of the authors (MdJ) as sepsis in the absence of signs of organ dysfunction at a site remote from the site of the infection or sepsis with signs of hypotension or hypoperfusion.
Disease onset was defined retrospectively as the day when rats reached their maximum body weight.
In the well, non-malaria anaemic group iron deficiency could be defined retrospectively on the basis of cut-offs in at least 2 of 3 iron sufficiency markers i.e. STfR >8.5 mg/l [9], ferritin <12 µg/l unless CRP >10 mg/l then <30, and ZnPP >61 µmol/mol haemoglobin [10].
This outcome was defined retrospectively.
History of optic neuritis (hON) was defined retrospectively by chart review.
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For example, variables that are difficult to define retrospectively, such as neonatal infection, were omitted.
To obtain results that are comparable to a randomised trial Hernán argued that analysts need to construct cohorts that also follow-up patients from first treatment, rather using retrospectively defined exposures (eg, retrospectively defining exposure as ever exposed to varenicline).
As such, it reflects a contemporary discomfort with the psychodynamic past of psychiatry that necessitates defining it, retrospectively, as non-medical.
We retrospectively defined if patients have aspiration pneumonia using the following criteria per resuscitation constatation, chest radiography infiltrates, fever.
True hypometabolic clusters and artifacts are retrospectively defined patients with true positive and false positive PET at SPM analysis (Figure 1).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com