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The sum of scores for the three types of activities (0 3) defined participation in pro-social activities.
Don José defined participation as: Grouping together and supporting each other when it comes to health, education and community development.
Findings of the qualitative study defined participation in life activities as one's level of unrestricted involvement in chosen pursuits such as sports, clubs, interests, and hobbies [ 1- 4].
We defined participation in a sport organization as participation in a sport group or club in the community base in this study.
Scores by teachers on the Disruptive Behavior Disorders rating scale defined participation in either ADHD-hyperactive/impulsive (-HI), ADHD-predominantly inattentive (-PI), or ADHD-combined (-C) groups.
In a study involving 70 disease-free rectal cancer patients and their clinicians, almost all clinicians defined patient participation as 'reaching an agreement' whereas almost a quarter of the patients defined participation as simply 'being informed' [ 13].
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Berthelsen et al. (2009), p. 93) define participation as; "l[L]earning in which toddlers create their own understanding and are active in the processing of information".
Fritschner (2000) defines participation in terms of 'talkers' who prefer 'speaking out in class', and 'non-talkers' who participate through 'attendance, active listening, sitting in their seats, doing the assignments, and being prepared for class' (2000 352).
As far as the Michigan contest goes, Hotline Editor Reid Wilson said the Romney camp can "define participation as it wants... but I find it hard to imagine the Republican frontrunner won't meet those goals and appear on the ballot".
Moreover, participation rates may be overestimated, since authors may define participation without taking into account all the different steps along the path of data collection [ 1, 9].
The Sphere Project defines participation as the engagement of disaster-affected populations in the assessment, design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of relief assistance.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com