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Furthermore, animal societies have typically been placed into one of two categories: those with defined dominance relationships and those with undefined, or egalitarian, relationships, e.g., [7].
Consequently, redfronted lemurs are limited in reducing costly conflicts through defined dominance ranks.
Despite the prediction of socioecological models of female relationships that female coalitions co-occur with clearly defined dominance hierarchies, other studies of Old World monkeys have also found coalition formation among females to be rare (blue monkeys, Cords 2002) or nonexistent (chacma baboons, Barrett et al. 1999).
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As we are mainly interested here to explore host population-level processes, we define "dominance blocks" as groupings of undefined numbers of consecutive variants.
Based on the orthologous gene repertoire of such regions defining dominance and sensitivity, we established that A6 = S (1,237 retained orthologs characterized in grasses), A4 = D (1,688 orthologs), A7 = D + S (with 1,316 orthologs for the sister fragment of A6 and 1,322 orthologs for the sister fragment of A4).
EDGAR MARTINEZ (FIRST YEAR) If a Hall of Famer is defined by dominance at his position, Martinez should be a lock.
Both male and female native Amazonian raters were able to evaluate a man's social status, as defined by dominance and knowledge, just by looking at a photograph of his face, using much poorer information than available in reality.
Group-adjusted daily travel distance in frugivorous primates is also typically associated with clearly defined female dominance hierarchies (Isbell 1991).
Female gray-cheeked mangabeys engage in agonistic interactions more frequently over foods that are depleted slowly and this is associated with having clearly defined linear dominance hierarchies.
We defined a dominance effect as the difference between the fitness of the complete (heterozygotic) network and the average fitness of the two homozygotes.
Given two sets of vertices X and Y, let (P_{XY} ={p_{xy}| xin X, yin Y}) denote the set of all pairwise shortest paths between the elements of X and Y, we further define closed dominance and minimum closed dominance as follows: (Closed dominance) A vertex set U is said to be a closed dominance of (P_{XY}), iff (P_{XY} subset bigcup _{uin U}{u_vdash }^P).
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