Dilute acid pretreatment combined with steam explosion pretreatment (conducted at low pH) was shown to produce a lignin defined as pseudo-lignin (via acid-catalyzed dehydration of carbohydrates) that was deposited on the cell wall, where it reduced the cellulase activity [16].
Exposure to corticosteroids was defined as either via intravenous or enteral administration routes.
Periodontal disease was defined as present via a positive answer to the question, "Have you been diagnosed as having periodontal disease by a dentist?".
Airborne transmission has been defined as transmission via droplet nuclei ≤5 µm, which may be transmitted over long distances >1 m.
This type of color change is defined as occurring via variations in skin pigment concentrations and in the morphology, density and distribution of chromatophores in the three-dimensional organization of the integument – such color changes are relatively slow, occurring over days or weeks [ 37].
The interactions were defined as: interacting via a ROS mechanism (this can be at any point in the pathway); inhibiting IKK (at point 1 in Figure 2); inhibiting degradation/phosphorylation of IκB (point 2 in Figure 2); increasing degradation/phosphorylation of IκB (point 2); inhibiting translocation (point 3); and interfering with DNA binding (point 4).
Pancreatic fistula according to the ISGPF was defined as output via operatively or postoperatively placed drains of any measurable volume of drain fluid on or after postoperative day 3, with amylase content greater than three times the upper normal serum value.
Successful venous cannulation was defined as blood return via a 5-cc syringe from the inserted angiocatheter with removal of the needle.
The ammonia emission ratio of pit exhaust, defined as the emission via pit exhaust divided by the total emission, in systems C and W was 48% and 47%, respectively.
For the purpose of this Article, "online" is defined as accessible electronically via the World Wide Web.
