Here, the quantum dots are defined as the semiconductor nanocrystals with the quantum confinement.
When the brightness of these two fluorophores was compared, defined as the product of the quantum yield and extinction coefficient, AKTIV was 260-fold less bright than Pacific Blue (ε405nm = 30 000 M–1 cm–1).
The corresponding amplification coefficient, defined as the ratio between the quantum yields ϕ of HSA-bound and free PBV, was 32 and 26 at 585 and 620 nm respectively.
A quantum, defined as the product of Planck's constant (6.63 × 10−27 erg-second) times the frequency of light, is the minimum amount of light energy that can be employed.
Thus, the correspondence principle, on this reading of Bohr, is defined as the statement that each allowed quantum transition between stationary states corresponds to one harmonic component of the classical motion.
where h p is Planck's constant, ν is the optical frequency, and η is the quantum efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of the absorbed to the incident photons.
The theoretical brightness of a fluorophore is defined as the product of the extinction coefficient and the quantum yield.
The total quantum efficiency is defined as the ratio of the number of molecules of PCE reacted to the number of photons emitted by the lamp, and it is expressed as the product of the following factors: the reactor radiation incidence efficiency, the catalyst radiation absorption efficiency, and the overall reaction quantum efficiency.
Apparently, the design of fluorescent indicators with high brightness (defined as the product of molar absorption coefficient and quantum yield) is straightforward yet limited by synthetic challenges.
Then the effective quantum yield η(r) is defined as the probability of a photon to be emitted upon absorption of a photon by the total absorption coefficient: where Φ is the quantum yield.
