An index of 100 is defined as the level of commercial real estate market activity during the first quarter of 1990, the first period that was analyzed.
Technological intensity of a firm is defined as the level of research and development (R&D) expenditures as a percentage of corporate sales revenues.
The fracture strength was defined as the level of stress at the highest stressed location in the structure at the instant of specimen rupture.
We propose a relaxation scheme that replaces the original boundary with a smoother version of it, defined as the level set of a continuous function.
Functional redundancy is defined as the level of functional equivalence among species in an ecosystem, such that one function may be performed by one or many species, and one species may substitute for another in the latter case59.
Critical biodiversity has been defined as the level of species richness at which communities are most susceptible to disturbance, where even small perturbations resulting from the introduction or extinction of a single species may trigger a mass extinction event.
The second dimension of the TAGS is cognitive demand, which is defined as the level of thinking required of students to complete a particular activity (Doyle, 1988).
In general, the efficiency is defined as the level and quality at which total interested goals are achieved (Färe et al. 1985).
Reliability of IDS is defined as the level of trust about the evidence provided by the IDS for the presence of an intrusion [10].
"Reference" conditions were defined as: The level which can be considered natural.
The background level was defined as the level at which low level transcription becomes indistinguishable from other background signals.
