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These are defined as consonant triads.
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The VOT, defined as the duration of the delay between release of closure and start of voicing, characterizes voicing differences among stop consonants in a wide variety of languages [ 2] and can thus be considered one of the most important acoustic cues encoding linguistically relevant information.
They are defined as refugees.
Then for any subset A of U, the complement of A (symbolized by A′ or U − A) is defined as the set of all elements in the universe U that are not in A. For example, if the universe consists of the 26 letters of the alphabet, the complement of the set of vowels is the set of consonants.
Robustness is defined as 1 fragility.
They are defined as follows.
Tregs were defined as CD4+CD25+Foxp3+.
Curvature is defined as 1/r.
Initial cohort size refers to the number of words in the language (as known to the listener) sharing the same initial phonemes, defined here as either the initial 2 consonants (CC) or the initial consonant and vowel (CV).
We define G as follows.
criteria as defined by bank.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com