By contrast, formative latent variables are statistically defined as consequences of their observed indicators rather than as their cause.
WAD, defined as consequences of whiplash-like accidents, often cause multiple limitations on various domains of life including function, activity, and participation [ 2].
*The herementioned radiographic characteristics were defined as "consequences of previous pulmonary tuberculosis" in the disease classification proposed by Marais et al. [ 25]. **Percentages reflect the proportion of the total number of children without active TB of whom a CXR was taken (n = 148).
Eventually, however, the effects of pollution will make themselves known; the appearance of a symptom or disaster that is culturally defined as a consequence of pollution, for example, may be the first indication that a defiling contact has occurred.
According to Darwinian theory the Earth cannot evolve because evolution, as that which follows from natural selection, is defined as the consequence of a competing population of reproducing or replicating entities, or a population of many while the Earth system is a population of one.
Classically indirect effects of fragmentation have been defined as a consequence of altered ecological interaction within the communities [1], [6], [37].
Drug waste may be defined as the consequence of an inappropriate disposal of unused or partially used ampoules, vials, or syringes of drugs [ 9].
Table 2 provides a comparison among the groups in total number of activities undertaken, years of experience, and life satisfaction, defined as the consequence variables in this study.
Chronic disability is generally defined as the consequence of impairment and a difficulty in functioning at the body, personal, or societal levels in one or more life domains, as experienced by an individual with a health condition in interaction with contextual factors [ 1].
SES comprises 'observable variations in income, education and occupational prestige and so on; yet it has no measurable reality apart from these variables which are conceived to be its determinants' (ref. 16, p. 153); thus, SES may be statistically more accurately defined as a consequence rather than a cause of its indicator variables.
