Each facility is located above 1,600 m, an altitude above that defined as characterizing highland/epidemic-prone malaria (18 – 20 ), although such limits have been challenged (5 ) The average altitudinal limits of the wider area shown in Figure 1 range from 1,600 to 2,200 m.
Using a hierarchical cluster analysis on all cells and species occurring in those cells, we identified 93 biogeographic units, which we defined as areas characterized by a unique community of shark species, ranging in size from 2 to 9645 one-degree cells (mean = 311 cells, see Methods for details).
"Leukomelanosis" (yes/no) was defined as depigmentation characterized by black and white spots present anywhere on the body.
False negative lesions were defined as lesions characterized as benign or missed by imaging that turned out to be malignant based on the reference standard.
Harassment is defined as behavior characterized by insistent requests, messages, phone calls or other unsolicited contact that may cause annoyance, worry or fear.
Partial epilepsy was defined as epilepsy characterized by seizures the semiology or investigation (ictal EEG) of which disclosed a focal origin of seizures.
We did not include Learning Disorders, defined as: "Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills.
Second, the notion of resilience, defined as "phenomena characterized by good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation or development [ 57]" has been attracting more attention recently among those examining the effects of exposure to adversity.
Interestingly, studies of Bonhoeffer's [ 17] group on fitness landscape, described the same regions and defined them as characterized by strong epistasis.
