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A diagnostic failure of the procedure was defined as a substantial clinical worsening of a missed injury (drainage of a missed haemo-/pneumothorax, urgent embolization of a fractured pelvis, unpredicted thoracic or pelvic surgery).
To qualify for an EHS Core Center the applicant institution must already have an identity in environmental health sciences as defined as a substantial base of ongoing, independently supported, peer-reviewed research projects related to the study of environmental health sciences or environmental medicine, a substantial portion of which should be supported by NIEHS.
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The World Association of Medical Editors, for example, says ghost authorship — which it defines as a substantial contribution not mentioned in the manuscript — is "dishonest and unacceptable".
It then purports to solve the tree of life crisis by conjuring up a fundamental unit of evolution (FUE) that is defined as a thing having "a substantial degree of evolutionary independence" (a very soft definition that could apply to a nucleotide or a human being, depending upon the meaning of substantial) and taken here to mean nucleotide stretches of some length.
In general, consensus will be defined as "a general agreement among a substantial majority (i.e. 67% had a score of at least 3 points on the 5-point Likert scale) of panel members".
Among these 64 patients, 23 patients presented a substantial weight loss, defined as a decrease at least in 0.5 points of their BMI z-score [ 15].
In case of substantial confounding (defined as a change in the models' coefficients greater than 10%) they were included into the final model.
Substantial burden is defined as a CSI score of 7 or higher [ 38].
When substantial heterogeneity was demonstrated (defined as a Cochran Q test p value <0.1 or a I2 value >25%) a random-effects model was used to calculate the overall effect, otherwise a fixed-effect model was used.
As would be expected from the prediction rule when substantial weight gain is defined as a gain or 10 kg or more, based on a cut-off of weight gain at 3 weeks (Table 2), weight change distribution at endpoint for patients in Study 1 who gained less than 2 kg by Week 3 differs substantially from that of patients who gained 2 kg or more.
In the absence of radiological PD, patients could develop clinical PD, defined as an overall level of substantial worsening such that the overall tumour burden or complaints increased sufficiently to merit discontinuation of therapy [ 9].
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com