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Berthelsen et al. (2009), p. 93) define participation as; "l[L]earning in which toddlers create their own understanding and are active in the processing of information".
As far as the Michigan contest goes, Hotline Editor Reid Wilson said the Romney camp can "define participation as it wants... but I find it hard to imagine the Republican frontrunner won't meet those goals and appear on the ballot".
Moreover, participation rates may be overestimated, since authors may define participation without taking into account all the different steps along the path of data collection [ 1, 9].
Define participation and ownership Be clear when you are designing the project whether the participants will only be consulted at certain stages, whether they will be collaborators or whether they will lead the process (if they want to!).
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Fritschner (2000) defines participation in terms of 'talkers' who prefer 'speaking out in class', and 'non-talkers' who participate through 'attendance, active listening, sitting in their seats, doing the assignments, and being prepared for class' (2000 352).
The sum of scores for the three types of activities (0 3) defined participation in pro-social activities.
Don José defined participation as: Grouping together and supporting each other when it comes to health, education and community development.
We defined participation in a sport organization as participation in a sport group or club in the community base in this study.
In a study involving 70 disease-free rectal cancer patients and their clinicians, almost all clinicians defined patient participation as 'reaching an agreement' whereas almost a quarter of the patients defined participation as simply 'being informed' [ 13].
Findings of the qualitative study defined participation in life activities as one's level of unrestricted involvement in chosen pursuits such as sports, clubs, interests, and hobbies [ 1- 4].
The Sphere Project defines participation as the engagement of disaster-affected populations in the assessment, design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of relief assistance.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com