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According to David Hume, causes are invariably followed by their effects: "We may define a cause to be an object, followed by another, and where all the objects similar to the first, are followed by objects similar to the second".
Hume had famously said in Section 7 of his Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding: "We may define a cause to be an object followed by another, and where all the objects, similar to the first, are followed by objects similar to the second".
The first explicit definition of causation in terms of counterfactuals was, surprisingly enough, given by Hume, when he wrote: "We may define a cause to be an object followed by another, and where all the objects, similar to the first, are followed by objects similar to the second.
Computed tomography of the head is indicated when neurological deficits are found on physical exam suggesting stroke or when an extensive search for other etiologies of delirium has failed to define a cause (Amador and Goodwin 2005).
On this basis, Rothman and Greenland [ 116] define a cause as any antecedent event, condition or characteristic that was necessary, when all other causal factors are fixed, for the occurrence of the health outcome at the time it actually occurred.
According to Maldonado and Greenland [ 16], this definition of a counterfactual causal effect on a binary outcome dates back to the 18th century when the Scottish philosopher David Hume wrote: "We may define a cause to be an object followed by another... where, if the first object had not been, the second never had existed".
Similar(53)
Epidemiological studies can uncover associations, but do not define a cause-and-effect relationship.
But Ms Moran is standing down, and Ms Rantzen struggles to define a good cause specific to Luton.Nevertheless, her presence (and that of two other independent candidates) irks the main political parties contesting the seat.
If a baffled physician faces an unfamiliar set of symptoms, can't define a physiological cause, and doubts that further testing will help to do so, he or she may imply that you're experiencing excess anxiety about your health, perhaps actually causing the physical symptoms.
Additional epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data were then obtained to define a specific cause of illness for patients with any of these syndromes.
In other words, we still need to define "being a cause".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com