Leibfried, A., Fricke, R., Morgan, M. J., Bogdan, S. & Bellaiche, Y. Drosophila Cip4 and WASp define a branch of the Cdc42-Par6-aPKC pathway regulating E-cadherin endocytosis.
Presently, regeneration is used to include multiple restorative processes manifested either as a result of physiological turnover (for example, the renewal of blood, skin and gut epithelial cells) or injury, and more recently has been used to define a branch of medical practice referred to as 'regenerative medicine'.
The physical domain D is transformed into a topologically equivalent connected rectangular domain D′ by defining a branch cut inside D. Control of the grid line spacing over the multiply connected regions is established by appropriately distributing nodal points on the branch cut, and on other boundary curves.
In this study, we refine the deepest haplogroup E dichotomy, which now involves the E-M75 and the E-V3725 lineages, with the P147 mutation defining a branch sister to the newly discovered E-V44 lineage (supplementary fig. S3, Supplementary Material online).
Taken together, from the lack of epistasis between ANC1 and error-free branch members UBC13 and MMS2, and from the lack of epistasis with error-prone branch members REV3 and RAD30, we infer that ANC1 functions in a genetic pathway that is independent from the two established branches, and therefore, may define a new branch of PRR (Figure 3A).
A novel RhoGAP-related domain was identified in some algal, moss and lycophyte (but not angiosperm) formins that define a specific branch (Class III) of the formin family.
This protein was found to define a new branch in a phylogenetic tree constructed using the DHA2 proteins encoded in the genomes of 5 hemiascomycete yeasts [ 41].
Therefore, it was hypothesised that this virus would define a new branch distinct from the three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes [ 12].
In contrast, the AZ33 KSβ sequence appears to define a new branch within the Baeyer Villiger oxidase containing subclade, suggesting that AZ33 was likely associated with the biosynthesis of a novel pentangular polyphenol subclass.
By contrast, our analysis showed that CABN, GR01, and SN05 strains define a different branch from the previously known LCMVs, suggesting that A. sylvaticus might have been responsible for consolidating genetic changes in these new strains during their evolution, and that A. sylvaticus could be their natural reservoir.
The first published phylogenetic tree including Mimivirus 2 and using a concatenation of 7 universally conserved protein sequences, already pointed out that: "we could now build a tentative tree of life, within which Mimivirus appears to define a new branch distinct from the three other domains".
