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However we do not operate from a deficit model.
Some schools could end up operating on a deficit model".
This is the deficit model of ageing, in which old people are infantilised.
This is what is known as the knowledge deficit model (KDM).
I suspect this is just another manifestation of the deficit model: fix the person not the system.
The dominant approach to science communication, which has been used in climate change communication, is the "deficit model".
Adopting this approach is very hard, because the pressures to conform to the deficit model are intense.
This would be as ineffective as the long-standing and fruitless focus on the "deficit model" of environmental communication.
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We have essentially made synonyms of the knowledge-deficit model and collective decision making.
All of these methods have in common a classic information-deficit model of communication, where the message is decided by experts and diffused into the public.
Student-deficit model thinking is often criticized as unscientific in that it assigns blame to one locus of a complex environment and with little to no evidence.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com