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There is a compound effect of micronutrient deficiencies in which an increasing number of deficient nutrients is associated with an increased incidence of frailty (hazard ratio 1·12, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·22, P= 0·01).
Since gene expression differences could also result from responses to other deficient nutrients, we tested the expression profiles of the same selected candidate genes in root tissues grown under full N provided with 100% Hoagland solution (Additional file 5).
Locally available foods such as avacado, banana, papaya, green leafy vegetables including aibika and broccoli, and orange colored sweet potato (kaukau) will provide several of the deficient nutrients including folate, vitamin C, fibre and provitamin A carotenoids.
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It has been suggested that people who suffer from impaired masticatory function may adapt food consistency to their oral status (which may lead to deficient nutrient intake) or rely on the digestive system to compensate for the lack of oral preparation of food (which may increase the likelihood of digestive diseases and decrease gut absorption).
These pathways may also be diagnostic for many myopathies, which are accompanied by deficient nutrient and oxygen supply of muscle fibers.
Recent studies have suggested βIII-tubulin as a prosurvival factor adaptively expressed by cancer cells exposed to microenvironmental stressors, such as hypoxia or deficient nutrient supply [ 184, 185].
The right timing of endosperm cellularization is crucial for proper seed development, its failure results in deficient nutrient supply, which causes embryo arrest and eventually seed abortion (Hehenberger et al., 2012).
Nine days after being placed in hydroponics, the roots of all seedlings were rinsed six times in diH2O and transferred to either Fe sufficient or deficient nutrient solutions (100 μM vs. 50 μM Fe(NO3 39H2O).
The benefits and risks of nutritional supplementation may thus depend on prior exposure – those with marginal or deficient nutrient intakes may be the group to benefit whereas those whose intake is already adequate or high may experience harm.
After 2 weeks, the seedlings were transferred to a Zn-deficient nutrient solution for 3 weeks and harvested for analysis.
Plants in Lots 3, 4 and 5, respectively, were supplied with 10, 50 or 100 µM sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an exogenous NO donor in Fe-deficient nutrient solution.
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