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As the World Bank points out, "undernutrition" in young children has been linked to delayed growth and motor development, lower I.Q.'s, behavioral problems and decreased attention, deficient learning and lower educational achievement.
Compared to matched controls, the NF1 group demonstrated deficient learning of a fine motor task over a five day period, with impairments driven by poorer initial learning (fast online) and reduced offline consolidation of learned skills between training sessions.
Transgenic animals that lack mGluR5 show deficient learning in the water maze (Lu et al. 1997), whereas animals that received repeated treatment with an mGluR5 antagonist show marked impairments in spatial learning in either an 8-arm radial maze (Naie and Manahan-Vaughan 2004; Manahan-Vaughan and Braunewell 2005; Bikbaev et al. 2008) or a spatial alternation task (Balschun and Wetzel 2002).
Hence, while the slower decrease in behavioral variability in SHR may be related to deficient learning processes, initial variability may be unrelated to reinforcement processes, or could be linked to the general behavior-inducing effects of the presence of reinforcers (below).
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Deficient sequence learning in schizophrenic patients was neither related to psychopathology nor to chlorpromazine equivalent daily dosage.
In contrast, the persistent length of bouts in SHR suggests deficient extinction learning in SHR.
We speculated that this finding might be related to the visuo-spatial nature of the task, alternatively that striatal dysfunction might explain deficient habit learning in ADHD [ 15].
Impaired dopamine modulation of cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits can impair motor function and cause deficient habit learning i.e. impaired nondeclarative memory formation [ 4].
Rtn4r-deficient mice learned the 5-sec delay T-maze task during 6 consecutive training days and performed as well as wild-type littermate control mice.
However, Gabriel, Maillart, Stefaniak, Lejeune, Desmottes and Meulemans (2013) found that when they used more complex sequences, they could replicate findings of deficient procedural learning.
Indeed, our data indicate increased PNN surface area on neurites in Ts65Dn stratum oriens which could stabilize inhibitory interneurons and presumably increase inhibitory output leading to deficient spatial learning and memory.
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