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However, some are more highly developed, and others are deficient compared with those of humans.
However, knowledge advance on the function, expression and regulation of immune effectors in mollusk, especially for AMPs, are still deficient compared with those of insects and vertebrates.
Furthermore, patients with SLE or RA were 38% less likely to be vitamin D deficient compared with T2DM patients (95% CI 0.42, 0.91, P = 0.015).
Enhanced insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of IRS-2 and AKT in OPN deficient, compared with WT, livers provided additional evidence for ameliorated hepatic insulin signalling (Fig. 5).
The results of the multivariate analysis are summarized in Table 2. T2DM patients were twice as likely to be vitamin D deficient compared with SLE patients (P = 0.003).
We demonstrated that patients with T2DM have significantly higher odds of being vitamin D deficient compared with SLE and RA patients in the multivariate analysis, while the rates of vitamin D deficiency were not different between SLE and RA patients.
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Using dichotomous vitamin D deficiency or normal, 31% of cases were vitamin D-deficient compared with 20% of controls who were vitamin D-deficient.
Interestingly, however, after 10 days of differentiation, the levels of Mfn-2 were found to be significantly increased in plectin-deficient compared with Plec +/+ myotubes (Fig. 7H).
We found that MMP-2 protein levels were significantly decreased in MIF gene-deficient compared with wild-type mice joint homogenates.
By contrast, in antibody-induced arthritis, arthritis was found to be more severe in MMP-2 gene-deficient compared with wild-type mice [ 60].
It should be noted that preclinical studies have shown that ZOL inhibits osteoclast activity in animal models of both benign and malignant disease regardless of gender or endocrine status (i.e. estrogen-deficient compared with normal females) [ 26– 50].
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