Both naturally occurring and laboratory-generated animal models are available to study the pathobiology of dystrophin deficiency and to develop innovative therapies for treating DMD.
This deficiency appears to develop over the first 24 hours of septic shock after an initial increase in vasopressin serum levels [ 36].
Despite metabolic similarities most models (except those with chemically or genetically induced porphyria or keratin 18-deficiency) fail to develop the morphologic key features of NASH, namely hepatocyte ballooning and formation of histologically and immunohistochemically well-defined Mallory-Denk-Bodies (MDBs).
Normally it takes about 10 years for Aids - acquired immune deficiency syndrome - to develop.
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for living organisms, and understanding the molecular mechanisms of Zn deficiency may help to develop strategies to mitigate this problem.
The mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mouse with β-glucuronidase deficiency was used to develop an alternate approach to gene therapy, in which a "universal" cell line engineered to secrete the missing enzyme is implanted directly into all recipients requiring the same enzyme replacement.
In contrast, it has been suggested that skeletal muscle mitochondria are in vast excess of what is required to oxidize fatty acids to supply energy, such that a state of mitochondrial deficiency is unlikely to develop (Holloszy, 2009).
To help address this deficiency, we sought to develop techniques that would allow identification of cell surface-specific molecules not only in one particular alga, but also in closely related algal species in a variety of environmental locations.
These deficiencies undermine efforts to develop drugs and vaccines against Pv, especially against the pre-erythrocytic stages.
Unlike mice and rats, that are insensitive to thalidomide teratogenicity, zebrafish embryos treated with thalidomide show otolith and angiogenic deficiencies and fail to develop outgrowth of pectoral fins [ 88, 89].
